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Kuyambira February chaka chino, Director-General wa WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ndi Mtsogoleri wa National Bureau for Disease Control and Prevention ku China Wang Hesheng adanena kuti "Matenda X" omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osadziwika ndi ovuta kuwapewa, ndipo tiyenera kukonzekera ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa mliri womwe umayambitsa matendawa.

Choyamba, mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe aboma, wabizinesi ndi omwe sali opindula ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuthana ndi mliri. Ntchitoyi isanayambe, komabe, tiyenera kuyesetsa kuti titsimikizire kuti nthawi yake ndi yofanana padziko lonse lapansi pa matekinoloje, njira ndi katundu. Chachiwiri, njira zamakono zamakono za katemera, monga mRNA, DNA plasmids, ma vectors a mavairasi ndi nanoparticles, zasonyezedwa kuti ndizotetezeka komanso zothandiza. Tekinoloje izi zakhala zikufufuzidwa kwa zaka 30, koma sizinaloledwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu mpaka Covid-19 itayamba. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthamanga komwe matekinolojewa akugwiritsidwa ntchito akuwonetsa kuti ndizotheka kupanga katemera weniweni woyankha mwachangu ndipo amatha kuyankha kumitundu yatsopano ya SARS-CoV-2 munthawi yake. Kupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matekinoloje ogwira mtima a katemerawa kumatipatsanso maziko abwino opangira anthu ofuna katemera mliri wotsatira usanachitike. Tiyenera kukhala okhazikika popanga katemera wa ma virus onse omwe ali ndi mliri.

Chachitatu, mapaipi athu amankhwala oletsa ma virus ndi okonzeka kuthana ndi vuto la ma virus. Munthawi ya mliri wa Covid-19, njira zochiritsira zogwira mtima komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri zidapangidwa. Kuti tichepetse kutayika kwa moyo m'tsogolomu mliri, tiyeneranso kupanga mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ali ndi mliri. Momwemo, mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala mu mawonekedwe a mapiritsi kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu yogawa m'makonzedwe apamwamba, otsika kwambiri. Njira zochiritsirazi ziyeneranso kupezeka mosavuta, mosakakamizidwa ndi mabungwe apadera kapena magulu andale.

Chachinayi, kukhala ndi katemera m’nyumba zosungiramo katundu sikufanana ndi kuwapangitsa kupezeka kwambiri. Kayendetsedwe ka katemera, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kupeza, kuyenera kukonzedwa. Alliance for Innovative Pandemic Preparedness (CEPI) ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi womwe wakhazikitsidwa kuti apewe miliri yamtsogolo, koma kulimbikira komanso thandizo lapadziko lonse lapansi ndikofunikira kuti ziwonjezeke. Pokonzekera matekinolojewa, machitidwe aumunthu ayeneranso kuphunziridwa kuti adziwitse anthu za kutsata ndikukhazikitsa njira zothana ndi mabodza.

Pomaliza, kafukufuku wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso wofunikira amafunikira. Ndi kutuluka kwa mtundu watsopano wa SARS-CoV-2 womwe ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi antigen, magwiridwe antchito a katemera osiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala achire omwe adapangidwa kale adakhudzidwanso. Njira zosiyanasiyana zakhala zikuyenda bwino, koma n'zovuta kudziwa ngati kachilombo ka HIV kadzakhudzidwa ndi njirazi, kapena ngati mliri wotsatira udzayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo. Popanda kuwoneratu zam'tsogolo, tifunika kuyika ndalama pa kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano kuti tithandizire kupeza ndi kupanga mankhwala atsopano ndi katemera. Tiyeneranso kuyika ndalama zambiri komanso mozama pakufufuza koyambira kwa tizilombo tomwe titha kukhala ndi mliri, kusinthika kwa ma virus ndi ma antigenic drift, pathophysiology ya matenda opatsirana, chitetezo chamthupi chamunthu, ndi ubale wawo. Mtengo wazinthuzi ndi waukulu, koma wocheperako poyerekeza ndi momwe Covid-19 amakhudzira thanzi la munthu (mwathupi komanso m'maganizo) komanso chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chikuyembekezeka kupitilira $2 thililiyoni mu 2020 mokha.

Kuchulukirachulukira kwa thanzi komanso chikhalidwe chachuma chavuto la Covid-19 zikuwonetsa kufunikira kofunikira kwa network yodzipereka yodzipereka popewa miliri. Maukondewa azitha kuzindikira ma virus omwe amafalikira kuchokera ku nyama zakuthengo kupita ku ziweto ndi anthu asanakhale miliri yakumaloko, mwachitsanzo, kuti apewe miliri ndi miliri ndi zotsatirapo zake zazikulu. Ngakhale kuti maukonde oterowo sanakhazikitsidwe, sikuti ndi ntchito yatsopano. M'malo mwake, idzakhazikitsa ntchito zowunika zomwe zikuchitika m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kutengera machitidwe ndi mphamvu zomwe zikugwira ntchito kale. Kuyanjanitsa kudzera pakukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zofananira ndikugawana deta kuti zipereke chidziwitso chazosungidwa zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Netiwekiyi imayang'ana kwambiri zitsanzo za nyama zakuthengo, anthu ndi ziweto zomwe zidadziwika kale, ndikuchotsa kufunikira kowunika padziko lonse lapansi ma virus. M'zochita, njira zaposachedwa zodziwira matenda zimafunikira kuti muzindikire ma virus oyambilira mu nthawi yeniyeni, komanso kuzindikira mabanja ambiri ofunikira omwe ali ndi kachilomboka mu zitsanzo, komanso ma virus ena atsopano omwe amachokera ku nyama zakuthengo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndondomeko yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zida zothandizira zisankho ndizofunikira kuti ma virus atsopano achotsedwe mwa anthu ndi nyama zomwe zili ndi kachilombo akangopezeka. Mwaukadaulo, njirayi ndi yotheka chifukwa chakukula mwachangu kwa njira zingapo zowunikira komanso njira zotsika mtengo zotsatirira ma DNA a m'badwo wotsatira zomwe zimathandizira kuzindikira mwachangu ma virus popanda kudziwa kale za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupereka zotsatira zamtundu wamtundu / zovuta.

Pamene zatsopano za majini ndi ma metadata okhudzana ndi ma virus a zoonotic mu nyama zakuthengo, zoperekedwa ndi mapulojekiti otulukira ma virus monga Global Virome Project, ayikidwa m'ma database apadziko lonse lapansi, network yowunikira ma virus padziko lonse lapansi ikhala yothandiza kwambiri pakuzindikira kufala kwa kachilombo koyambirira kwa anthu. Detayi idzathandizanso kukonza ma reagents ozindikira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kudzera mwatsopano, zopezeka kwambiri, zotsika mtengo zodziwira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso zida zotsatirira. Njira zowunikirazi, kuphatikiza zida za bioinformatics, luntha lochita kupanga (AI), ndi data yayikulu, zithandizira kupititsa patsogolo zitsanzo ndi maulosi a kachilomboka ndikufalikira ndikulimbitsa pang'onopang'ono mphamvu zamaulonda apadziko lonse lapansi kuti apewe miliri.

Kukhazikitsa maukonde owunikira nthawi yayitali kumakhala ndi zovuta zambiri. Pali zovuta zaukadaulo komanso zogwirira ntchito popanga zitsanzo zowunikira ma virus, kukhazikitsa njira yogawana zidziwitso pazovuta zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri, kuphunzitsa antchito aluso, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mabungwe azaumoyo ndi zinyama akupereka chithandizo chothandizira kusonkhanitsa zitsanzo zachilengedwe, mayendedwe, ndi kuyezetsa ma labotale. Pakufunika zowongolera ndi malamulo kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta za kukonza, kusanja, kusanthula, ndi kugawana zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mabungwe owunikira angafunikirenso kukhala ndi njira zawozawo zolamulira komanso mamembala a mabungwe aboma ndi abizinesi, ofanana ndi Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. Iyeneranso kukhala yogwirizana kwathunthu ndi mabungwe omwe alipo a UN monga World Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Organisation for Animal Health /wHO. Kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa maukonde, njira zatsopano zothandizira ndalama zimafunika, monga kuphatikiza zopereka, zopereka ndi zopereka kuchokera ku mabungwe othandizira ndalama, Mayiko omwe ali mamembala ndi mabungwe apadera. Ndalamazi ziyenera kulumikizidwanso ndi zolimbikitsa, makamaka za Kumwera kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza kusamutsa matekinoloje, kukulitsa luso, komanso kugawana kofananako chidziwitso cha ma virus atsopano omwe apezeka kudzera m'mapulogalamu apadziko lonse lapansi.

Ngakhale machitidwe owunikira ophatikizika ndi ofunikira, njira yamitundu yambiri ndiyofunikira popewera kufalikira kwa matenda a zoonotic. Khama liyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kufala kwa matenda, kuchepetsa njira zowopsa, kukonza njira zoweta ziweto komanso kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chamthupi pazakudya za ziweto. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chitukuko cha nzeru diagnostics, katemera ndi achire ayenera kupitiriza.

Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kufalikira potengera njira ya "Thanzi limodzi" yomwe imagwirizanitsa thanzi la nyama, anthu ndi chilengedwe. Akuti pafupifupi 60% ya matenda omwe sanawonekepo mwa anthu amayamba chifukwa cha matenda a zoonotic. Pokhazikitsa malamulo okhwima a misika yamalonda ndikukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa malonda a nyama zakuthengo, kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi nyama kumatha kulekanitsidwa bwino kwambiri. Ntchito zoyendetsera nthaka monga kuletsa kudula mitengo sizimangopindulitsa chilengedwe, komanso zimapanga malo otetezedwa pakati pa nyama zakutchire ndi anthu. Kuchulukitsa kwaulimi wokhazikika komanso waumunthu kungathetse kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso kwa nyama zoweta ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale phindu lina poletsa kukana kwa antimicrobial.

Chachiwiri, chitetezo cha labotale chiyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti chichepetse chiopsezo cha kutulutsa mwangozi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zofunikira pakuwongolera ziphatikizepo kuwunika kwachiwopsezo kwa malo enieni komanso zochitika zina kuti azindikire ndikuchepetsa zoopsa; Ndondomeko zazikulu zopewera ndi kuwongolera matenda; Ndi maphunziro a kagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera ndi kupeza zida zodzitetezera. Miyezo yomwe ilipo yapadziko lonse lapansi yoyendetsera ngozi zachilengedwe iyenera kutsatiridwa kwambiri.

Chachitatu, maphunziro a GOF-of-function (GOF) omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwunikira mawonekedwe opatsirana kapena oyambitsa matenda a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amayenera kuyang'aniridwa moyenera kuti achepetse chiopsezo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yofunika yofufuza ndi chitukuko cha katemera ikupitilira. Maphunziro a GOF otere amatha kutulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amatha kufalikira, omwe amatha kumasulidwa mosadziwa kapena mwadala. Komabe, anthu apadziko lonse lapansi sanagwirizanebe kuti ndi ntchito ziti zofufuza zomwe zili zovuta kapena momwe angachepetsere zoopsa. Popeza kuti kafukufuku wa GOF akuchitika m'ma laboratories padziko lonse lapansi, pakufunika kufunikira kokhazikitsa dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi.