nkhani

Pa Epulo 10, 2023, Purezidenti wa US a Joe Biden adasaina chikalata chothetsa vuto la "COVID-19" ku United States. Patatha mwezi umodzi, COVID-19 sikukhalanso "Zowopsa zaumoyo wapadziko lonse lapansi." Mu Seputembala 2022, a Biden adati "mliri wa COVID-19 watha," ndipo mwezi womwewo panali anthu opitilira 10,000 okhudzana ndi COVID-19 ku United States. Inde, si United States yokha imene ikunena zimenezi. Mayiko ena aku Europe adalengeza kutha kwa mliri wa COVID-19 mu 2022, adachotsa ziletso, ndikuwongolera COVID-19 ngati fuluwenza. Kodi tingaphunzirepo chiyani pa mawu amenewa?

Zaka mazana atatu zapitazo, Mfumu Louis XV ya ku France inalamula kuti mliri wa mliri womwe ukufalikira kum’mwera kwa France watha (onani chithunzi). Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mliri wakupha anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchokera mu 1720 mpaka 1722, oposa theka la anthu a Marseille anafa. Cholinga chachikulu cha lamuloli chinali kulola amalonda kuyambiranso ntchito zawo zamalonda, ndipo boma linapempha anthu kuti aziyaka moto kutsogolo kwa nyumba zawo kuti “akondwerere poyera” kutha kwa mliriwu. Lamuloli linali lodzaza ndi mwambo ndi zophiphiritsa, ndipo lidakhazikitsa muyeso wotsatira zilengezo ndi zikondwerero zakutha kwa mliriwu. Zimaperekanso chidziwitso chambiri pazifukwa zachuma zomwe zimabweretsa zilengezo zotere.

Chilengezo cholengeza moto ku Paris kukondwerera kutha kwa mliri ku Provence, 1723.

Koma kodi lamulolo linathetsadi mliriwo? Inde sichoncho. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, mliri wa mliri unkachitikabe, pamene Alexandre Yersin anapeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda yotchedwa Yersinia pestis ku Hong Kong mu 1894. Ngakhale kuti asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mliriwu unazimiririka m’ma 1940, sikuti ndi mbiri yakale chabe. Zakhala zikupatsira anthu m'malo a zoonotic madera akumidzi chakumadzulo kwa United States ndipo ndizofala kwambiri ku Africa ndi Asia.

Chifukwa chake sitingachitire mwina koma kufunsa: kodi mliriwu udzatha? Ngati ndi choncho, liti? Bungwe la World Health Organisation likuwona kuti kufalikira kwatha ngati palibe milandu yotsimikizika kapena yokayikiridwa yomwe yanenedwa kwanthawi yayitali kuposa nthawi yomwe kachilombo kakufalikira. Pogwiritsa ntchito tanthauzoli, Uganda idalengeza kutha kwa mliri waposachedwa kwambiri wa Ebola mdzikolo pa Januware 11, 2023. Komabe, chifukwa mliri (mawu ochokera ku mawu achi Greek pan [" all "] and demos [" people "]) ndi vuto la miliri komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, kutha kwa mliri, monga, kuyambika kwake, komanso kufalikira kwa ndale, komanso kufalikira kwa ndale, komanso zandale komanso zandale. makhalidwe abwino. Poganizira zovuta zomwe zimakumana nazo pothetsa kachilomboka (kuphatikiza kusiyanasiyana kwaumoyo, kusamvana kwapadziko lonse komwe kumakhudza mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, kusayenda kwa anthu, kukana ma virus, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kungasinthe chikhalidwe cha nyama zakuthengo), madera nthawi zambiri amasankha njira yotsika mtengo, ndale, komanso zachuma. Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kuchitira kuti imfa zina ndizosapeweka kwa magulu ena a anthu omwe ali ndi mavuto azachuma kapena mavuto azaumoyo.

Chifukwa chake, mliriwu umatha pomwe anthu atengera njira zoyendetsera zachuma komanso zachuma pazaumoyo wa anthu - mwachidule, pomwe anthu amasintha kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa komanso kudwala. Njirazi zimathandiziranso zomwe zimatchedwa "kutha" kwa matendawa (" endemic "imachokera ku Greek en [" mkati"] ndi demos), njira yomwe imaphatikizapo kulekerera kuchulukana kwa matenda. Matenda ofala nthawi zambiri amayambitsa matenda ammudzi mwa apo ndi apo, koma sapangitsa kuti ma dipatimenti adzidzidzi achuluke.

Chimfine ndi chitsanzo. Mliri wa chimfine cha 1918 H1N1, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa "Chimfine cha Spain," udapha anthu 50 mpaka 100 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza pafupifupi 675,000 ku United States. Koma chimfine cha H1N1 sichinazimiririke, koma chikupitilirabe kufalikira mosiyanasiyana. Bungwe la Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) likuti pafupifupi anthu 35,000 ku United States amamwalira ndi chimfine chaka chilichonse m’zaka khumi zapitazi. Sosaiti ilibe "kufalikira" kwa matendawa (tsopano ndi matenda a nyengo), komanso kumapangitsa kuti anthu azifa pachaka komanso kudwala. Sosaiti imapanganso nthawi zonse, kutanthauza kuti chiwerengero cha imfa zomwe anthu angathe kupirira kapena kuyankha zakhala mgwirizano ndipo zimamangidwa mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe ndi thanzi labwino komanso zoyembekeza, ndalama ndi zomangamanga.

Chitsanzo china ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Ngakhale kuti chimodzi mwa zolinga za umoyo wa UN Sustainable Development Goals ndi "kuthetsa TB" pofika chaka cha 2030, zikuwonekeratu momwe izi zidzakwaniritsire ngati umphawi weniweni ndi kusalingana kwakukulu kukupitirirabe. TB ndi "wakupha mwakachetechete" m'mayiko ambiri otsika ndi apakati, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mankhwala ofunikira, kuperewera kwa chithandizo chamankhwala, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi komanso nyumba zodzaza anthu. Munthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa TB chidakwera koyamba pazaka zopitilira khumi.

Kolera nayonso yafala kwambiri. Mu 1851, zotsatira za thanzi la kolera ndi kusokonezeka kwake ku malonda a mayiko zinachititsa nthumwi za mafumu kuti achite msonkhano woyamba wa International Sanitary Conference ku Paris kuti akambirane momwe angapewere matendawa. Iwo adapanga malamulo oyamba azaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ngakhale kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a kolera tadziwika ndipo mankhwala osavuta (kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsa madzi m'thupi ndi maantibayotiki) alipo, chiwopsezo cha matenda a kolera sichinathe kwenikweni. Padziko lonse lapansi, pali odwala 1.3 mpaka 4 miliyoni a kolera ndipo 21,000 mpaka 143,000 amamwalira chaka chilichonse. Mu 2017, bungwe la Global Task Force on Cholera Control linakhazikitsa njira yothetsera kolera pofika m’chaka cha 2030. Komabe, miliri ya kolera yakula kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa m’madera amene mukuchitika mikangano kapena osauka padziko lonse.

HIV/EDZI mwina ndiye chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mliri waposachedwa. Mu 2013, pa Msonkhano Wapadera wa African Union, womwe unachitikira ku Abuja, Nigeria, mayiko omwe ali mamembala adadzipereka kuti athetse kachilombo ka HIV ndi Edzi, malungo ndi chifuwa chachikulu cha TB pofika chaka cha 2030. gawo lalikulu ndi kusalinganika kwadongosolo pakuzindikira, kuchiza, ndi kupewa, pomwe mu 2022, padzakhala anthu 630,000 omwe amafa chifukwa cha HIV padziko lonse lapansi.

Ngakhale kuti kachilombo ka HIV/AIDS kadali vuto la thanzi la anthu padziko lonse lapansi, sikulinso vuto la thanzi la anthu. M'malo mwake, kufalikira kwa kachilombo ka HIV / Edzi komanso kupambana kwa mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya kachilombo ka HIV kwasintha kukhala matenda aakulu omwe ulamuliro wake umayenera kupikisana ndi chuma chochepa ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo padziko lonse. Lingaliro lazovuta, zofunikira komanso zachangu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupezeka koyamba kwa HIV mu 1983 zachepa. Ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe ndi ndale imeneyi yachititsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri azimwalira chaka chilichonse.

Kulengeza kutha kwa mliri kumatsimikiziranso kuti phindu la moyo wa munthu limakhala losinthika - mwa kuyankhula kwina, maboma amasankha kuti mtengo wopulumutsa moyo wa anthu, zachuma, ndi ndale ukuposa phindu. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti matenda ofala amatha kutsagana ndi mwayi wachuma. Pali zoganizira za msika kwanthawi yayitali komanso phindu lazachuma lomwe lingakhalepo popewa, kuchiza ndi kuthana ndi matenda omwe kale anali miliri yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala a kachilombo ka HIV unali wamtengo wapatali pafupifupi $ 30 biliyoni mu 2021 ndipo ukuyembekezeka kupitilira $ 45 biliyoni pofika 2028. Pankhani ya mliri wa COVID-19, "COVID yayitali," yomwe tsopano ikuwoneka ngati cholemetsa pazachuma, ikhoza kukhala gawo lotsatira lakukula kwachuma kwamakampani opanga mankhwala.

Zomwe zachitika m'mbiriyi zikuwonetsa kuti zomwe zimatsimikizira kutha kwa mliri si kulengeza kwa mliri kapena kulengeza kwandale, koma kukhazikika kwa kufa kwake komanso kudwala kwawo kudzera mumayendedwe komanso kufalikira kwa matendawa, omwe pa mliri wa COVID-19 amadziwika kuti "kukhala ndi kachilomboka". Chomwe chinathetsa mliriwu chinalinso kutsimikiza kwa boma kuti mavuto azaumoyo omwe akukumana nawo asakhalenso pachiwopsezo pazachuma kapena zachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Kuthetsa vuto ladzidzidzi la COVID-19 ndi njira yovuta yodziwira mphamvu zandale, zachuma, zamakhalidwe, komanso chikhalidwe, ndipo sichifukwa chakuwunika kolondola kwazomwe zikuchitika m'miliri kapena chizindikiro chabe.